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Growing interest in reparations for African Americans has prompted a range of responses, from lawsuits against major corporations and a march in Washington to an anti-reparations ad campaign. As a result, the link between slavery and contemporary race relations is more potent and obvious than ever. Grassroots organizers, lawmakers, and distinguished academics have embraced the idea that reparations should be pursued vigorously in the courts and legislature. But others ask, Who should pay? And could reparations help heal the wounds of the past?
This comprehensive collection -- the only of its kind -- gathers together the seminal essays and key participants in the debate. Pro-reparations essays, including contributions by Congressman John Conyers Jr., Christopher Hitchens, and Professor Molefi Asante, are countered with arguments by Shelby Steele, Armstrong Williams, and John McWhorter, among others. Also featured are important documents, such as the First Congressional Reparations Bill of 1867 and the Dakar Declaration of 2001, as well as a new chapter on the current status and future direction of the movement.
- Sales Rank: #827267 in Books
- Published on: 2003-08-05
- Released on: 2003-08-05
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.00" h x 1.02" w x 5.31" l, .76 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 448 pages
From Publishers Weekly
Winbush, the director of the Institute for Urban Research at Morgan State University and an editorial board member of the Journal of Black Studies, oversees a gathering of scholars, attorneys and grassroots activists who offer a smorgasbord of compelling arguments, most of which explain why reparations are necessary for rectifying present damage done by the U.S.'s slave-holding past. For many of the contributors, reparations do not merely involve individual African-Americans receiving a cash payment. Rather, it's about recognizing that the legacies of slavery continue to be manifest in negative cultural attitudes and inferior socio-economic conditions. Law professor Robert Westley delves into the relatively fragile circumstances of middle-class African-Americans and compares them with the cases in which European Jews and Japanese-Americans received reparations after WWII. Winbush details the forgotten practice of "whitecapping," where black rural landowners were permanently driven off their land by whites in the early 2oth century. And journalist Molly Secours confronts her own white privilege. With passages that detail slaveholder atrocities and resulting governmental benefits, the text is generally sobering and direct, though activist Tim Wise gets points for metaphoric ingenuity by referring to racism's legacy as a type of "historical herpes" that's infected Americans. Winbush also includes three essays that are anti-reparations, but John McWhorter offers the group's only comprehensive rebuttal. Beyond pro or con, most of the pieces here are more deeply concerned with having its readers confront their notions of accountability by looking at our collective past and present.
Copyright 2003 Reed Business Information, Inc.
From Library Journal
In this collection of essays, Congressman John Conyers, Shelby Steele, David Horowitz, and others address the ongoing issue of reparations for African Americans from a legal, emotional, and practical standpoint.
Copyright 2002 Reed Business Information, Inc.
From Booklist
Winbush sheds some much-needed light on what has been considered a fringe issue in American politics, that of paying reparations to black Americans for slavery. He cites international law and numerous contemporary examples of reparations from Germany's payment to Holocaust survivors (1952) to the U.S. payment to Japanese Americans whose families were interned during World War II (1990). The history of paying reparations to African Americans reaches back to Reconstruction-era mutual aid societies and black nationalist movements, starting with Marcus Garvey. More mainstream civil rights groups have viewed reparations as an extremist issue. But Winbush identifies more recent developments and debate that have brought the idea of reparations to the forefront. He explores numerous voices within the reparations movement and commentary on the various stages and aspects of the movement. He also examines the significance of grassroots organizations in the development of the reparations movement, as well as legal perspectives and dissenting voices. This is a complete and balanced look at a controversial topic that is gaining attention. Vernon Ford
Copyright � American Library Association. All rights reserved
Most helpful customer reviews
10 of 17 people found the following review helpful.
Ray Winbush Responds
By Raymond A. Winbush
As editor of "Should America Pay?: Slavery and the Raging Debate on Reparations", I thought it might be helpful to answer one criticism that has been consistent about the book, but is better understood after a little background information is provided.
I would classify the essays in the book under three broad categories: 1) those who favor reparations, 2) those who oppose them and 3) those who simply present the facts about the issue.
Several people have commented about why there are so few articles from those who oppose them. While compiling the book, we asked several persons who were opposed to reparations for Africans in America to write and they simply said there was little legal, empirical or otherwise substantive research about why reparations *shouldn't* be made for Africans in America! Simply put, the arguments *against* reparations for Africans in America simply are weak. and are more emotional than logical. The oppositional essays included in the book are from three writers (and a fourth from an "embedded" David Horowitz in Christopher Hitchens' essay) who are simply the best voices out there.
I approached a major conservative "think tank" (which I will leave nameless) about having one of their senior researchers write an essay for the book and was told that the "issue had been studied" but that "they" (the institution's researchers) could not mount a legal argument *against* reparations that was empirically based.
I think if one follows the "logic" of reparations for Africans in America s/he they will come to the conclusion (as both supporters and opposers to reparations have) that it is based in solid legal theory, international law as well as historical precedent, e.g., Nuremburg.
Finally, "Should America Pay?" was recently submitted to the U.S. Supreme Court as a "friends of the court" document involving the University of Michigan affirmative action case because of its comprehensive inclusion of views concerning compensatory measures for Africans in America. It is a book that if one reads it, will provide strong historical and legal evidence for the unpunished crime against humanity in the United States --- slavery. Read it with an open mind and you will see that not only are reparations due Africans in America, they will happen because it is the logical step in moving toward an honest discussion about racism (white supremacy) in the United States.
1 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Drinking from a single fountain - America comes face to face
By Bj
SHOULD AMERICA PAY?:
Slavery and the Raging Debate on Reparations
Edited by Raymond A. Winbush, Ph.D
I really should have read this book. The fact that I know and am a fan of the editor, not withstanding.
The book " SHOULD AMERICA PAY?: Slavery and the Raging Debate on Reparations" is challenging, informative and insightful. The contributors were thoughtful and experienced. The documents of important legal ramifications are well worth the cost of the book itself to enhance a home library. What makes the book outstanding, however, is the clarity in which Winbush crafted his recognition of previously understood factors. One is that that the issue of reparations is complex for both Black and white Americans and for people on both sides of the issue and that reparations for American slaves of Africa has international contemporary relevance and world implications. If the issues presented in this book were to be successfully mediated, worlds Black and white, African and non-African, Western and European will be turned upside down. Until I finished reading this book I never understood how scary the notion reparations really should be. Nor did I understand how logical it should be. The book offers carefully balanced views, but extremely diverse voices within each of those groups.
Winbush and this focused collection place the issue of reparation in a cogent legal, cultural, global, political and human landscape. It is not too intellectual that it forgets that the lashes of the slavers still sting yet, not too soft that the complex legal and economic logistics are lost.
It provides the stuffing for both personal and collective challenges to the notion of oppression and white supremacy and how it works in American as compared to other world oppressive, inhumane commercial and cultural ventures throughout the world. While you may not know what compromises that you might want to make on your personal feelings about reparations, once you have read this book, there is no more room for internal indecisive arguing and personal political denial.
Shelby Steele, one of the contributors to the anthology reveals an intellectual sharpness to which we have become accustomed, while at the same time, a Black uncertainty that we already suspected. His commentary is as if we were listening to the morning shave dialogue between a man and the stranger who appears in the mirror. On the other hand, if I ever need to defend my case with the IRS, the man to crunch my numbers is Kevin Outterson. He is the tax law specialist, who gives hard numbers on the cost of slavery. For his presence in this compilation I give Winbush thumbs up for having the insight to understand that some people need the cost/benefit analysis as an infrastructure to even consider the concept of reparation. A relatively new comer to the larger American public eye, Christopher Hitchens seems to have perfected the quick points for the pro-reparation argument when facing the opposition.
This book should be read by every person on the planet who portends that they have an interest in human or civil rights, American history or justice. It should be required reading for ninth graders to high school seniors and should be in the home and school library of any family or community that wishes to be enlightened about the role of history in current events.
Once an individual understands the history of human rights in the landscape of the history of American slave trade, the "no-question" of reparation becomes more manageable and less bulky. This book is a tremendous start in configuring such a context. Does it go far enough, does it compromise the brutality of slavery and its continuing legacy? Does it promise to be the political key to the greater global dialogue? No and yes. What this book does do is it whets the appetite more than enough to entice the reader to think that there is more here than some overwhelming outrageousness or a quick and easy dismissal of the what must be the "new Black Mau-Mau".
I walked away, validating most of what I already had decided about my position on reparations. Reading the book made my position less cluttered and less tainted by commercial media accounts, outmoded and ill-informed political and romanticized notions of the challenge and meaning of the reparation issue. It also helped me to unveil and shrug off the shackles and remaining remnants created by years of segregated Southern school racist history texts and "Negrotized" cultural education. Such a background easily affords to loose the uneasiness of embracing and facing the shame and injury. Reading this book, I feel more the ready to defend my position and to articulate the real case for reparation and stand confidently on the question and argument of whether America should pay.
Finally, tears ran down my face as I read the contribution made by Congressman John Conyers, Jr. I wept in gratitude and in awe for his unwavering compassion and love for Black people. He believed in us, when we sometimes forgot to believe in ourselves. We sometimes forget what activist like him forfeit to speak our pain. And for my Father who would have marveled that real people, in real places have given real and serious thought to the question of the slaves.
Kudos offered to Raymond Winbush. He shows insight and vision; the gift of listening and hearing and the touch of a maestros well-loved baton in bringing together the diverse voices important to this issue. It is not altogether easy to be the mediator in an argument in the family when the family consists of millions of members.
22 of 24 people found the following review helpful.
Moving Rhetoric and Great Passion but Disappointing Analysis
By Tucker Andersen
I am very interested in the issue of reparations andpurchased this book based on the dust jacket blurbs and looking at the table of contents. While I found it very informative in some respects, I was quite disappointed and had to struggle to rate it three stars. My disappointments concerned three different issues, discussed below following a description of the book.
This is a collection of essays accompanied by thirty eight pages of documents with relevance to the reparations issue. The book is organized thematically, with sections providing historical context, a legal overview, organizational initiatives, opinion pieces, and alternative methodologies. Many of the selections are quite short; at one extreme some are heavily footnoted and scholarly in format, at the other extreme some are conversational in nature. The book is quite easy to read, and while I read it in its entirety (but not in sequence), each selection stands on its own. Its strength is that Raymond Winbush, the editor has provided in one place a meaningful and diverse introduction to the literature on the subject for those who are interested in the arguments supporting reparations. He includes many of early advocates of reparations articulately presenting the case.
My first complaint is that its strength is also its weakness. This is not a book that examines the issue in an unbiased manner, but rather a sermon being preached to the choir. Despite the book jacket proclaiming that the there would be sufficient counterarguments to provide balance, this is definitely not the case. There are only three such articles (Armstrong Williams, Shelby Steele, and John McWhorter) presenting a countervailing point of view, and they are among the briefest in the collection, totaling 27 pages out of 366. In my view, this is indicative of the same sort of tokenism rightly decried by civil rights advocates. Winbush clearly had the right to produce a pro reparations book, but don't sell it under false pretenses and advertise it as representing both sides of the debate. There is no meaningful debate between these covers.
My second criticism is that despite the apperance of scholarship, most of the articles lacked real substance and analysis. They were wonderful at presenting historical context and had substantial descriptive and in many cases emotional content, but this cannot substitute for academic rigor. Advocacy, no matter how forceful and heart felt, cannot effectively replace convincing argumentation. Because of their accurate depiction and understanding of the evils and horrors of slavery, many of the authors in this collection are such true believers in their cause that they have lost all objectivity. For instance, Tim Wise concludes that "innocence ... in the mouths of persons born in the United States is beyond interesting ... it is stunningly infantile ... [it ] is [in fact] beyond the comprehension of the rational mind". This sort of rhetoric may make one feel good and win loud cheers from your allies but is unlikely to help you engage the interest of those undecided in the legitimacy of your claimed remedy for the agreed upon historical injustices.
My third disappointment was very articulately summarized in various ways by Armstrong, McWhorter and Steele. The essence is that the reparations argument is based on three assumptions, all of which are often assailed as racist in other contexts. First, that blacks are basically a homogeneous group rather than individuals. (This is of course necessary for class action lawsuits or political redress to be successful.) Second, and most destructive, that blacks cannot escape their victimhood caused by the continuation of pervasive racism in America today. Third, that blacks are Africans forced to live in America, not Americans.
I will not take time to comment on the historical inaccuracies and popular misconceptions in some of these articles, because while disappointing they are not central to the discussion in any instance. This book is worth reading both for background and revealing the mindset of the advocates. E.g. one of the most interesting articles was originally published in Harper's Magazine, and is a fascinating discussion among four of the top class action lawyers in the country. They unwittingly reveal the weakness of their legal case through the following interchange; they "love big stuff', don't want to lose on a technicality", need to find "elegant solutions to major national social problems", will "need help politically... since we don't have the law squarely on our side" and thus the first question should not be who are the plaintiffs, but "Who are the defendants,i.e. who pays?" That is, if they can find some deep pockets and earn their fees, then they'll try to build a case that appears to solve the major problem of slavery and residual racism. If you want a book that examines the current state of race relations in America in a much more hopeful and helpful light and provides real insights and decries the cult of victimhood, I suggest that you read the essays in AUTHENTICALLY BLACK by John McWhorter (see my Amazon review of 3/20/03) in addition to this book.
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